In the field of psychology, the
Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people assess their cognitive
ability as greater than it is. It is related to the cognitive bias of illusory
superiority and comes from the inability of people to recognize their lack of
ability. Without the self-awareness of metacognition, people cannot objectively
evaluate their
competence or incompetence.
As described by social psychologists
David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the cognitive bias of illusory superiority
results from an internal illusion in people of low ability and from an external
misperception in people of high ability; that is, "the miscalibration of
the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration
of the highly competent stems from an error about others."
The psychological phenomenon of
illusory superiority was identified as a form of cognitive bias in Kruger and
Dunning's 1999 study, "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in
Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments". The identification derived from the cognitive bias evident in the criminal case
of McArthur Wheeler, who robbed banks while his face was covered with lemon juice,
which he believed would make it invisible to the surveillance cameras. This
belief was based on his misunderstanding of the chemical properties of lemon
juice as an invisible ink.
Other investigations of the
phenomenon, such as "Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own
Incompetence" (2003), indicate that much incorrect self-assessment of
competence derives from the person's ignorance of a given activity's standards
of performance. Dunning and Kruger's research also indicates that training
in a task, such as solving a logic puzzle, increases people's ability to
accurately evaluate how good they are at it.
In Self-insight: Roadblocks and
Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself (2005), Dunning described the
Dunning–Kruger effect as "the anosognosia of everyday life",
referring to a neurological condition in which a disabled person either denies
or seems unaware of his or her disability. He stated: "If you're
incompetent, you can't know you're incompetent ... The skills you need to
produce a right answer are exactly the skills you need to recognize what a
right answer is."
In 2011, David Dunning wrote about
his observations that people with substantial, measurable deficits in their
knowledge or expertise lack the ability to recognize those deficits and,
therefore, despite potentially making error after error, tend to think they are
performing competently when they are not: "In short, those who are
incompetent, for lack of a better term, should have little insight into their
incompetence—an assertion that has come to be known as the Dunning–Kruger
effect". In 2014, Dunning and Helzer described how the Dunning–Kruger
effect "suggests that poor performers are not in a position to recognize
the shortcomings in their performance".
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Original review: Blog Preciosa Música
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